Shifting cultivation, or Jhum, has long been the cornerstone of Naga agricultural practices, yet it continues to face undue criticism, largely rooted in outdated perceptions and misleading narratives. After being categorized as a primary driver of deforestation and environmental degradation, Jhum cultivation has been wrongly associated with destructive practices. However, research conducted by experts challenges these misconceptions, revealing that Jhum is not only sustainable but plays a pivotal role in preserving biodiversity, promoting ecological balance, and ensuring food security for indigenous communities.
Policymakers must move beyond the outdated views presented in the 1957 FAO report that demonized shifting cultivation. In an era where monocropping and industrial agriculture are the dominant paradigms, it is essential to recognize the environmental harm caused by these practices, such as the pollution of rivers, depletion of soil fertility, and loss of biodiversity. Monocropping relies heavily on chemical inputs and leaves the land vulnerable to erosion, a far cry from the regenerative practices seen in Jhum cultivation, which promotess biodiversity and allows ecosystems to naturally regenerate over time.
Furthermore, the Naga people have long held a deep spiritual connection with nature. The sacredness of forests, governed by customary laws and spiritual beliefs, has ensured that the environment is respected and protected. This reverence for nature is not an ancient relic, but a living practice that continues to sustain their communities. Until recently, the Naga way of life was in harmony with the land, where every action was rooted in sustainability. However, consumerism and greed have increasingly eroded this connection, threatening the survival of traditional practices.
Instead of discouraging farmers from continuing their shifting cultivation practices, the government should offer scientific inputs and incentives to improve Jhum cultivation. Research shows that when properly managed, Jhum fields can maintain soil fertility, support a diverse range of crops, and contribute to forest regeneration. Initiatives that promote agroforestry and sustainable land management can help modernize the practice, allowing it to coexist with global environmental goals.
The future of Jhum cultivation lies in its ability to adapt and evolve, not in its abandonment. By supporting indigenous farmers and acknowledging the vital role of Jhum in sustainable land use, policymakers can help protect both cultural heritage and environmental sustainability. It is time to reframe the narrative around Jhum and celebrate its role as a model of ecological stewardship.