The concept of the nation-state is relatively nascent and continues to evolve. The Treaty of Westphalia, signed in 1648, is often credited with establishing the sovereignty of states. Key ideas from the treaty, such as state sovereignty and the legal equality of states continue to influence international relations and diplomacy today. While the system has evolved over time, especially with the rise of international organizations and human rights law, the principles established in 1648 remain central to how the global political system operates.

The concept of the nation-state, though still relevant, is evolving in response to economic, political, environmental, and technological forces. In the 21st century, sovereignty is becoming more multilayered, shared between supranational organizations, and regional entities. As these trends continue, the rigid model of the nation-state is likely to adapt to a more fluid and interconnected global landscape.

The national flag is a powerful symbol of the nation-state, representing its identity, sovereignty, and values. In the context of the nation-state, the national flag plays a crucial role in promoting national cohesion and distinguishing one state from another. However, national flags are not exclusive to nation-states. Nations, although not sovereign, often have their own national flags. Entities like Puerto Rico (USA), Gibraltar (UK), Greenland (Denmark), Catalonia (Spain), and Scotland (UK) have their own flags, despite not being fully sovereign nation-states. Even Hong Kong and Macau under communist China have distinct flags. In the United States, all 50 states have their own official state flags. Additionally, the federally recognized Native American territory of the Navajo Nation has its own flag.

In India, the Constitution does not specifically mention the national flag; instead, the use and display of the flag are governed by the Flag Code of India. In Karnataka, the state flag was officially adopted in 2018 as a symbol of regional pride and cultural identity. Despite the adoption, the flag remains symbolic and is yet to be formally recognized under Indian law.

MT

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