“This morning I saw the countryside from my window a long time before sunrise, with nothing but the morning star, which looked very big”, writes Van Gogh in a letter to his brother, Theo. The famous oil-on-canvas painting ‘Starry Night’ was inspired by this view from the window of Saint-Paul-de-Mausole asylum in southern France where he spent the year 1889. He suffered from mental illness most of his life. Speculations still surround his comorbid mental illnesses. Clinicians attribute some of his extreme mood swings and dramatic behavior to Bipolar Affective Disorder (BPAD), a neuropsychiatric illness that causes massive shifts in energy and mood shuttling between intense excitement– known as mania to deep depression.

BPAD is sixth on the charts of disability-causing diseases worldwide and there is a pressing need for effective treatments. Mood stabilizers are the go-to treatment to soothe a bipolar brain and allow a patient to conduct a relatively normal life. One such mood stabilizer is lithium. It is an extremely valuable tool for doctors to manage bipolar disorder. However, there is a problem; lithium treatment is effective for only about a third of patients with bipolar disorder. The remaining patients with bipolar disorder show limited or no response to lithium treatment. As of now, doctors do not understand the reason for this varied response to lithium. As a result, they are unable to choose the correct treatment for a bipolar patient when they are brought to the clinic for treatment.

One of the reasons for this inability to predict the response of an individual to treatment is that we do not have a clear understanding of how lithium acts on the brain leading to an improvement in a patient’s condition. In a recent study, published in Life Science Alliance, Raghu Padinjat and his group at NCBS have found an explanation to how lithium acts on brain cells to change neural activity. These findings can enable tailored approaches and the development of new treatments. “To understand why some patients do not respond to lithium treatment, we need to know how lithium exerts its effects”, says Sankhanil Saha, lead author of the study.

In the brain, communication between cells leading to normal behaviour occurs through chemicals called neurotransmitters. These neurotransmitters, such as serotonin or glutamate bind to receptors on the neural cell membrane that switch on an enzyme called phospholipase C (PLC). The role of PLC is to breakdown a lipid molecule–phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2)into inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) which orchestrates changes in calcium levels within the cells. Calcium performs many functions within the brain and previous studies that altered calcium levels within neurons is a likely basis for bipolar disorder.

Lithium pacifies hyperactive neurons

In individuals with BPAD, the PIP2 pathway is in hyperactive mode which leads to elevated calcium levels in the cell, says Sankhanil. To understand lithium’s stabilizing effect, they treated lab-grown cortical cells of the human forebrain with neurotransmitters to mimic the activity of a bipolar patient’s brain cells. This activated the PLC, mimicking the overstimulated cells of a bipolar brain. On adding lithium to the mix, the team observed a delay in the re-synthesis of PIP2. Consequently, its lowed down the formation of IP3 and reduced calcium influx that dampened the activity of neurons. Raghu and team dug deeper to investigate how lithium delayed the PIP2re-synthesis. In subsequent experiments, they discovered that lithium interacts with an enzyme IMPA1, suppressing it from catalysing the formation of Inositol, essential for a continuous supply of PIP2 in the cells. When they removed the IMPA1 from a group of cells, it turned out that lithium could not modulate the hyperexcitability of the brain cells. The next answer the team was keen to find was how lithium decelerated calcium influx. They looked at the expression of genes required to form subunits of voltage-gated calcium channels– protein doors that allow calcium movement through the neural cells. They found that lithium dialed down the functions of genes required to put together different pieces of the calcium channels. They found that several genes essential for the signaling pathways initiated by key neurotransmitters, like glutamate, that regulate calcium influx were also down-regulated.

“In clinical medicine, we often find that not all patients respond to medications available in the market. It will be valuable for doctors to clearly predict which patient will respond to a given medicine to devise a treatment uniquely suited for that individual; this is a very exciting area called precision medicine that is expanding worldwide”, says Raghu Padinjat, Professor, NCBS. Precision psychiatry seeks to optimize treatments while reducing the burden of unnecessary diagnostic testing and therapies.

“The insights from our study into how lithium acts on human brain cells will pave the for lab tests to help doctors predict which bipolar patients will respond to lithium. This advance in precision psychiatry will help patients with bipolar disorder to get the correct treatment sooner and hence improve the quality of life for patients and their families”, adds Raghu.

About National Centre for Biological Sciences (NCBS-TIFR)

NCBS is a centre of Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR; an autonomous institute of Department of Atomic Energy, Govt. of India). Faculty and students at NCBS pursue high-quality multidisciplinary and multiscale research in the frontier areas of biology, ranging across all scales of size, complexity, and time- from molecules to ecosystems and nanosecond to evolutionary timescale. A major focus of their research is on ecology, biodiversity, and conservation, carried out using advanced knowledge and techniques. NCBS houses state of the art facilities-among the best in the world and hosts an environment conducive for innovative research and scientific collaborations.

(This was published as received from National Centre for Biological Sciences)

60 thoughts on “New Clues on Precision Medicine for Bipolar Disorder”
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    השימוש בטulgראס כיוונים מציע מספר תכונות חשובות:

    נוחות: אין צורך לצאת מהבית או לחפש סוחרים בעצמכם. כל התהליך מתבצע דרך האפליקציה.
    מהירות: הזמנת המשלוח נעשית בקצב מהיר, והשליח בדרך אליכם בתוך זמן קצר מאוד.
    וודאות: כל הערוצים באתר עוברות תהליך אימות על ידי לקוחות קודמים.
    נגישות ארצית: האתר מספק קישורים לערוצים פעילים בכל אזורים בארץ, מהמרכז ועד הפריפריה.
    למה כדאי לבדוק ערוצים?
    אחד הדברים החשובים ביותר בעת использование טulgראס כיוונים הוא לוודא שאתם נכנסים לערוצים מאומתים. ערוצים אלו עברו בדיקה קפדנית ונבדקו על ידי משתמשים אמיתיים על החוויה והתוצאות. זה מבטיח לכם:

    איכות מוצר: השליחים והסוחרים בערוצים המאומתים מספקים מוצרים באיכות מצוינת.
    ביטחון: השימוש בערוצים מאומתים מפחית את הסיכון להטעייה או לתשלום עבור מוצרים שאינם עומדים בתיאור.
    טיפול מותאם: השליחים בערוצים המומלצים עובדים בצורה מאובטחת ומספקים שירות מהיר ואמין.
    שאלת החוקיות
    חשוב לציין כי השימוש בשירותים כמו טulgראס כיוונים אינו מאושר על ידי הרשויות. למרות זאת, רבים בוחרים להשתמש בשיטה זו בשל היעילות שהיא מספקת. אם אתם בוחרים להשתמש בשירותים אלו, חשוב לפעול באופן מושכל ולבחור ערוצים מאומתים בלבד.

    ההתחלה שלך: מה לעשות?
    אם אתם רוצים להזמין בצורה נוחה להשגת קנאביס בישראל, טulgראס כיוונים עשוי להיות המערכת שתעזור לכם. האתר מספק את כל המידע הנחוץ, כולל קישורים מעודכנים לערוצים אמינים, מדריכים והסברים כיצד לפעול נכון. עם טulgראס כיוונים, שליח הקנאביס יכול להיות בדרך אליכם תוך דקות ספורות.

    אל תחכו יותר – גשו לאתר המידע שלנו, מצאו את הערוץ המתאים לכם, ותוכלו להנות מחוויית הזמנה קלה ומהירה!

    טלגראס כיוונים – הדרך לקבל את המוצר במהירות.

  24. Balanset-1A: Cutting-edge Compact Balancer & Vibration Analyzer
    High-precision Dynamic Balancing Solution
    Balanset-1A stands as an innovative solution for vibration correction of rotors in their own bearings, developed by Estonian company Vibromera OU. The device offers professional equipment balancing at €1,751, which is significantly cheaper than traditional vibration analyzers while preserving exceptional measurement accuracy. The system allows on-site balancing directly at the equipment’s operational location without necessitating dismantling, which is critically important for minimizing production downtime.
    About the Manufacturer
    Vibromera OU is an Estonian company specializing in the creation and production of instruments for technical diagnostics of industrial equipment. The company is registered in Estonia (registration number 14317077) and has representatives in Portugal.
    Contact Information:

    Official website: https://vibromera.eu/shop/2/

    Technical Specifications
    Measuring Parameters
    Balanset-1A ensures accurate measurements using a twin-channel vibration analysis system. The device measures RMS vibration velocity in the range of 0-80 mm/s with an accuracy of ±(0.1 + 0.1?Vi) mm/s. The working frequency range is 5-550 Hz with optional extension to 1000 Hz. The system supports rotation frequency measurement from 250 to 90,000 RPM with phase angle determination accuracy of ±1 degree.
    Working Principle
    The device utilizes phase-sensitive vibration measurement technology with MEMS accelerometers ADXL335 and laser tachometry. Two uniaxial accelerometers measure mechanical vibrations proportional to acceleration, while a laser tachometer generates pulse signals for calculating rotation frequency and phase angle. Digital signal processing includes FFT analysis for frequency analysis and proprietary algorithms for automatic computation of balancing masses.
    Full Kit Package
    The standard Balanset-1A delivery includes:

    Measurement unit with USB interface – central module with integrated preamplifiers, integrators, and ADC
    2 vibration sensors (accelerometers) with 4m cables (alternatively 10m)
    Optical sensor (laser tachometer) with 50-500mm measuring distance
    Magnetic stand for sensor mounting
    Electronic scales for precise measurement of corrective masses
    Software for Windows 7-11 (32/64-bit)
    Plastic transport case
    Complete set of cables and documentation

    Functional Capabilities
    Vibrometer Mode
    Balanset-1A functions as a complete vibration analyzer with abilities for measuring overall vibration level, FFT spectrum analysis up to 1000 Hz, measuring amplitude and phase of the fundamental frequency (1x), and continuous data recording. The system delivers visualization of time signals and spectral analysis for equipment condition diagnostics.
    Balancing Mode
    The device supports one-plane (static) and two-plane (dynamic) balancing with automatic calculation of corrective masses and their installation angles. The unique influence coefficient saving function permits significant acceleration of repeat balancing of identical equipment. A dedicated grinding wheel balancing mode uses the three-correction-weight method.
    Software
    The user-friendly program interface offers step-by-step guidance through the balancing process, making the device usable to personnel without special training. Key functions include:

    Automatic tolerance calculation per ISO 1940
    Polar diagrams for imbalance visualization
    Result archiving with report generation capability
    Metric and imperial system support
    Multilingual interface (English, German, French, Polish, Russian)

    Application Areas and Equipment Types
    Industrial Equipment
    Balanset-1A is effectively employed for balancing fans (centrifugal, axial), pumps (hydraulic, centrifugal), turbines (steam, gas), centrifuges, compressors, and electric motors. In manufacturing facilities, the device is used for balancing grinding wheels, machine spindles, and drive shafts.
    Agricultural Machinery
    The device represents special value for agriculture, where uninterrupted operation during season is essential. Balanset-1A is employed for balancing combine threshing drums, shredders, mulchers, mowers, and augers. The possibility to balance on-site without equipment disassembly allows eliminating costly downtime during critical harvest periods.
    Specialized Equipment
    The device is effectively used for balancing crushers of various types, turbochargers, drone propellers, and other high-speed equipment. The rotation frequency range from 250 to 90,000 RPM covers essentially all types of industrial equipment.
    Advantages Over Similar Products
    Economic Efficiency
    At a price of €1,751, Balanset-1A provides the functionality of devices costing €10,000-25,000. The investment recovers costs after preventing just 2-3 bearing failures. Cost reduction on third-party balancing specialist services totals thousands of euros annually.
    Ease of Use
    Unlike sophisticated vibration analyzers requiring months of training, mastering Balanset-1A takes 3-4 hours. The step-by-step guide in the software permits professional balancing by personnel without special vibration diagnostics training.
    Portability and Autonomy
    The complete kit weighs only 4 kg, with power supplied through the laptop’s USB port. This allows balancing in outdoor conditions, at isolated sites, and in hard-to-reach locations without additional power supply.
    Versatile Application
    One device is adequate for balancing the widest spectrum of equipment – from small electric motors to large industrial fans and turbines. Support for one and two-plane balancing covers all typical tasks.
    Real Application Results
    Drone Propeller Balancing
    A user achieved vibration reduction from 0.74 mm/s to 0.014 mm/s – a 50-fold improvement. This demonstrates the outstanding accuracy of the device even on small rotors.
    Shopping Center Ventilation Systems
    Engineers successfully balanced radial fans, achieving lower energy consumption, abolished excessive noise, and extended equipment lifespan. Energy savings paid for the device cost within several months.
    Agricultural Equipment
    Farmers note that Balanset-1A has become an vital tool preventing costly breakdowns during peak season. Reduced vibration of threshing drums led to decreased fuel consumption and bearing wear.
    Investment and Delivery Terms
    Current Prices

    Complete Balanset-1A Kit: €1,751
    OEM Kit (without case, stand, and scales): €1,561
    Special Offer: €50 discount for newsletter subscribers
    Volume Discounts: up to 15% for orders of 4+ units

    Ordering Options

    Official Website: vibromera.eu (recommended)
    eBay: trusted sellers with 100% rating
    Industrial Distributors: through B2B channels

    Payment and Shipping Terms

    Payment Methods: PayPal, bank cards, bank transfer
    Shipping: 10-20 business days by international mail
    Shipping Cost: from $10 (economy) to $95 (express)
    Warranty: factory warranty
    Technical Support: included in price

    Conclusion
    Balanset-1A constitutes an ideal solution for organizations striving to establish an successful equipment balancing system without substantial capital expenditure. The device makes accessible access to professional balancing, allowing small enterprises and service centers to deliver services at the level of large industrial companies.
    The blend of accessible price, ease of use, and professional features makes Balanset-1A an vital tool for modern technical maintenance. Investment in this device is an investment in equipment reliability, decreased operating costs, and enhanced competitiveness of your company.

  25. עט אידוי Vivo

    מכשירי אידוי – חידוש משמעותי, נוח ובריא למשתמש המודרני.

    בעולם שלנו, שבו דחיפות והרגלי שגרה מכתיבים את היום-יום, וופ פנים הפכו לפתרון מושלם עבור אלה המעוניינים ב חווית אידוי איכותית, נוחה וטובה לבריאות.

    מעבר לטכנולוגיה החדשנית שמובנית בהמוצרים האלה, הם מציעים סדרת יתרונות משמעותיים שהופכים אותם לאופציה עדיפה על פני אופציות מסורתיות.

    גודל קטן וקל לניוד
    אחד ההיתרונות העיקריים של מכשירי האידוי הוא היותם קומפקטיים, בעלי משקל נמוך ונוחים לנשיאה. המשתמש יכול לקחת את העט האידוי לכל מקום – לעבודה, לטיול או לאירועים – מבלי שהמוצר יהווה מטרד או יהיה מסורבל.

    העיצוב הקומפקטי מאפשר לאחסן אותו בתיק בפשטות, מה שמאפשר שימוש לא בולט ונעים יותר.

    התאמה לכל המצבים
    מכשירי הוופ מצטיינים בהתאמתם לצריכה בסביבות מגוונות. בין אם אתם בעבודה או באירוע חברתי, ניתן להשתמש בהם בצורה שקטה וללא הפרעה.

    אין עשן כבד או ריח עז שמפריע לסביבה – רק אידוי חלק וקל שנותן גמישות גם במקום ציבורי.

    ויסות מיטבי בטמפרטורה
    למכשירי האידוי רבים, אחד היתרונות המרכזיים הוא היכולת ללווסת את חום הפעולה בצורה אופטימלית.

    מאפיין זה מאפשרת להתאים את הצריכה לסוג החומר – פרחים, נוזלי אידוי או תרכיזים – ולהעדפות האישיות.

    ויסות החום מבטיחה חוויית אידוי נעימה, טהורה ומקצועית, תוך שימור על הטעמים המקוריים.

    צריכה בריאה ובריא
    בניגוד לעישון מסורתי, אידוי באמצעות Vape Pen אינו כולל שריפה של החומר, דבר שמוביל לכמות נמוכה של רעלנים שנפלטים במהלך הצריכה.

    מחקרים מראים על כך שאידוי הוא אופציה בריאה, עם פחות חשיפה לחלקיקים מזיקים.

    יתרה מכך, בשל חוסר בעירה, ההארומות ההמקוריים מוגנים, מה שמוסיף לחווית הטעם וה�נאה הכוללת.

    פשטות הפעלה ואחזקה
    עטי האידוי מתוכננים מתוך עיקרון של נוחות הפעלה – הם מיועדים הן לחדשים והן למשתמשים מנוסים.

    מרבית המוצרים מופעלים בהפעלה פשוטה, והתכנון כולל חילופיות של חלקים (כמו טנקים או גביעים) שמפשטים על התחזוקה והאחזקה.

    תכונה זו מאריכה את חיי המכשיר ומבטיחה ביצועים תקינים לאורך זמן.

    מגוון רחב של עטי אידוי – התאמה אישית
    המגוון בעטי אידוי מאפשר לכל משתמש ללמצוא את המכשיר המתאים ביותר עבורו:

    עטי אידוי לפרחים
    מי שמעוניין ב חווית אידוי אותנטית, רחוקה ממעבדות – ייעדיף עט אידוי לפרחי קנאביס.

    המכשירים הללו מיועדים לעיבוד בחומר גלם טבעי, תוך שימור מקסימלי על הריח והטעימות הטבעיים של הצמח.

    מכשירים לנוזלים
    לצרכנים שמחפשים אידוי עוצמתי ועשיר ברכיבים כמו קנבינואים וCBD – קיימים עטים המיועדים במיוחד לנוזלים ותמציות.

    המוצרים האלה מתוכננים לשימוש בחומרים צפופים, תוך שימוש בטכנולוגיות מתקדמות כדי ללספק אידוי אחיד, נעים ועשיר.

    מסקנות
    עטי אידוי אינם רק אמצעי נוסף לצריכה בקנאביס – הם סמל לאיכות חיים, לגמישות ולשימוש מותאם אישית.

    בין היתרונות המרכזיים שלהם:
    – גודל קומפקטי ונעים לנשיאה
    – שליטה מדויקת בטמפרטורה
    – צריכה בריאה ובריאה
    – הפעלה אינטואיטיבית
    – הרבה אפשרויות של התאמה אישית

    בין אם זו הפעם הראשונה בעולם האידוי ובין אם אתם צרכן ותיק – וופ פן הוא ההמשך הלוגי לחווית שימוש איכותית, נעימה ובטוחה.

    הערות:
    – השתמשתי בספינים כדי ליצור וריאציות טקסטואליות מגוונות.
    – כל הגרסאות נשמעות טבעיות ומתאימות לעברית מדוברת.
    – שמרתי על כל המונחים הטכניים (כמו Vape Pen, THC, CBD) ללא שינוי.
    – הוספתי כותרות כדי לשפר את ההבנה והסדר של הטקסט.

    הטקסט מתאים למשתמשים בהשוק העברי ומשלב תוכן מכירתי עם מידע מקצועי.

    Cannabis Vaporizer

  26. what is chicken road
    Chicken Road: Real Player Feedback
    Chicken Road is an arcadestyle gambling game that has caught the attention of players with its simplicity, high RTP (98%), and unique cashout feature. We’ve collected honest feedback from actual players to see if it lives up to expectations.

    What Players Like
    Many users praise Chicken Road for its fastpaced gameplay and ease of use. The ability to cash out at any time adds a strategic twist, while the high RTP makes it feel fairer than traditional slots. Beginners love the demo mode, which lets them try the game without risking money. The game earns extra points for its mobile compatibility, running seamlessly on both new and older devices.
    Melissa R., AU: “Unexpectedly enjoyable and balanced! The ability to cash out brings a layer of strategy.”
    Nathan K., UK: “The retro arcade vibe feels invigorating. Plus, it works perfectly on my tablet.”
    Players also enjoy the colorful, nostalgic design, which feels both fun and engaging.

    Drawbacks
    However, Chicken Road isn’t perfect, and there are a few issues worth noting. A number of users feel the gameplay becomes monotonous and lacks complexity. Others mention slow customer support and limited features. One frequent criticism is deceptive marketing, as people thought it was a pure arcade game rather than a gambling platform.

    Tom B., US: “Fun at first, but it gets repetitive after a few days.”
    Sam T., UK: “Marketed as a casual game, but it’s actually a gamblingfocused app.”

    Strengths and Weaknesses
    Pros
    Straightforward, actionpacked mechanics
    With a 98% RTP, it offers a sense of equity
    Demo mode for riskfree learning
    Optimized for flawless mobile play

    Disadvantages
    Gameplay can feel repetitive
    Not enough features or modes to keep things fresh
    Slow or unresponsive customer support
    Misleading marketing

    Final Verdict
    Chicken Road shines through its openness, impressive RTP, and ease of access. Perfect for relaxed gaming sessions or newcomers to online betting. Still, the heavy emphasis on luck and minimal complexity could turn off some users. To maximize enjoyment, stick to authorized, regulated sites.
    Rating: A solid 80%
    A balanced blend of fun and fairness, with potential for enhancement.

  27. Chicken Road: Real Player Feedback
    Chicken Road is an arcadestyle gambling game that has caught the attention of players with its simplicity, high RTP (98%), and unique cashout feature. By analyzing user opinions, we aim to figure out whether this game deserves your attention.

    What Players Like
    A lot of gamers appreciate how Chicken Road combines fast gameplay with simple controls. The ability to cash out at any time adds a strategic twist, while the high RTP makes it feel fairer than traditional slots. Beginners love the demo mode, which lets them try the game without risking money. Mobile optimization also gets high marks, as the game runs smoothly even on older devices.
    Melissa R., AU: “Surprisingly fun and fair! The cashout feature adds strategy.”
    Nathan K., UK: “The arcade style is refreshing. Runs smoothly on my tablet.”
    Gamers are also fond of the vibrant, retro aesthetic, making it both enjoyable and captivating.

    Drawbacks
    While it has many positives, Chicken Road does have some downsides. Some players find the gameplay repetitive and lacking depth. Others mention slow customer support and limited features. A common complaint is misleading advertising—many expected a pure arcade game, not a gambling app.

    Tom B., US: “Initially enjoyable, but the repetition kicks in after a short while.”
    Sam T., UK: “Promoted as entertainment, yet it turns out to be a gambling product.”

    Advantages and Disadvantages
    Positive Aspects
    Straightforward, actionpacked mechanics
    An RTP of 98% guarantees a fair experience
    Free demo option for beginners to test the waters
    Smooth performance on mobile devices

    Disadvantages
    It might feel too predictable over time
    Not enough features or modes to keep things fresh
    Delayed responses from support teams
    Deceptive advertising

    Conclusion
    Thanks to its transparency, high RTP, and userfriendliness, Chicken Road makes a mark. Perfect for relaxed gaming sessions or newcomers to online betting. Still, the heavy emphasis on luck and minimal complexity could turn off some users. To maximize enjoyment, stick to authorized, regulated sites.
    Rating: Four out of five stars
    An enjoyable and equitable option, though it has areas to grow.

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